One of the vaguest titles in media Hollywood, a producer can be a writer, an investor, an idea man, a manager or all of the above. In film, the head producer is called the executive producer and is responsible for each and every phase of filmmaking: pre-production, production and post-production.

In pre-production, the producer reads scripts and is pitched ideas from writers, directors and agents. After choosing an idea, the producer has to raise money to fund the entertainment project. One route is to get the backing of a major movie studio. Another is to go independent and seek funding from individual investors.

Now the producer has to hire a screenwriter, a director, production staff, casting directors, art directors, camera and lighting crews, and editors. It’s the producer’s job to make sure that the project stays within budget throughout production and post-production. A good producer not only makes good films, but makes money for the investors. Like most jobs in the film industry, producers work their way up. You might start as a production assistant or a script reader, learning how to spot a good idea and how to bring it to fruition. Or you can just leap right in and learn by trial and error, making small, low-budget films and working up to bigger ones.

Directors oversee the artistic vision of a film. Directors aren’t usually involved in the financial side of filmmaking, unless they’re wearing multiple hats as a producer-director. In pre-production, the director works closely with the screenwriter and the producer to figure out the best way to visually represent the script and its themes. An experienced director will have a preferred list of cinematographers, art directors, cameramen, casting directors and even actors. Even if the producer does much of the actual hiring and location scouting, it’s the director who has the final say.

During filming, the director coaches actors on the best way to read their lines and express emotions. He works with the cinematographer to make sure that the action is being faithfully and artistically recorded. And he decides how many takes are necessary before the crew can move on to the next shot. For more details http://www.dynastyresources.net

The much awaited 2009 AMAA Awards has come and gone with all its expected glitz and glamour. With 24 categories awarded, it was sure another time for Africa to show to the world that they have come of age in the world’s movie industry. Created some few years ago, and being led by AMAA C.E.O, Peace Anyiam-Fiberesima,the red-carpet event, which serves as a convocation for the crËme de la crËme of the African movie industry is set to reward the Director of the best overall film with 50,000 Euro, to be used for producing the next film. Wao ! it is sure “a prize to die for”. This year’s event was sponsored by UBA, was held in Yenogoa, Capital City of Bayelsa state in Nigeria, and was anchored by Ace Comedian Julius Agwu and Nollywoood’s own Diva kate Henshaw. According to the organisers of the event, the College of Screeners of the 2008 edition of AMAA met over 10 weeks to consider a total number of 304 movies that were entered for this year’s edition. Of this number, 220 were feature films, 34 documentaries (mostly from South Africa), while 50 were indigenous films drawn mostly from Nigeria, with five each from Cameroun and Uganda. Of the 220 feature films submitted, Africans in Diaspora entered two, while Nigerian based filmmakers had the highest number of entries with 191 movies in all. Ghana, Cameroun and Uganda accounted for the rest. The AMAA College of Screeners made up of members from Nigeria, South Africa, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, and Uganda among others, consequently shortlisted the finalists from this lot as the nominees. It is from this list that the AMAA Jury, a panel of jurors with members drawn from Berlin Film Festival, Toronto Film Festival, other international bodies, and Nigeria determined winners in the 24 categories of the award. Kenya’s young and promising screenwriter and Director, Wanuri Kahiu, led the pack with 11 nominations out of the 24 categories being awarded, while “Arugba”, Nigeria’s own Tunde Kelani’s film, making waves in cinema houses across the country, competed with works from Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, and Egypt, thus vindicating AMAA as a true Pan-African award. Below is the 2009 UBA-AMAA AWARDS 2009 WINNERS LIST Best Documentary (Short Subject) Coming of Age (Kenya) Best Documentary (Feature) Joint winners: For the Best and for the Onion (Niger) Malcom’s Echo (Nigeria) Best Animation Lolo (Burkina Faso) AMAA Achievement in Sound Seventh Heaven (Egypt) AMAA Achievement in Editing From a Whisper (Kenya) AMAA Achievement in Art Direction Small Boy – Michelle Bello (Nigeria) AMAA Achievement in Make-Up Live to Remember (Nigeria) AMAA Achievement in Visual Effect Battle of the Soul (Uganda) Best Original in Soundtrack From a whisper (Kenya) Most Promising Actor Litha Booi – Gugu and Andile (South Africa) Most Promising Actress Lungelo Dhladha – Gugu and Andile (South Africa) Best Performance by a Child Actor Richard Chukwuma – Small Boy (Nigeria) Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Farouk Alfishawi – Seventh Heaven (Egypt) Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role Funke Akindele – Jenifa (Nigeria) Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role Joel Okuyo Prynce – Battle of the Soul (Uganda) Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role Mercy Johnson – Live to Remember (Nigeria) Best Film in African Language Gugu and Andile (South Africa) AMAA Achievement in Cinematography Cindy’s Note – Izu Ojukwu (Nigeria) AMAA Achievement in Costume Arugba (Nigeria) Heart of Africa Award for Best Films from Nigeria Arugba – Tunde Kelani Best Screenplay From a Whisper (Kenya) Best Picture From a Whisper (Kenya) Best Director Wanuri Kahiu – From a Whisper (Kenya) However no winner was announced for best short film category. For all the winners of this year’s award I say a big congratulations, and do hope that Nigeria Movie makers will move away from just commercial movie making to more high quality films in terms of creativity, effects, sound, costume and cinematography.

If you’re starting out or moving up in the entertainment industry, knowing what pay rate to ask for is particularly hard, so here are some guidelines to go by.

In general, it’s very important not to sell yourself too short OR price yourself too high. What determines this is not just the “market rate” for the services you’re delivering. When you’re setting your fee for a job, take the following into consideration – every time:RATE “CALCULATOR”

1) What the market rate range is for the gig;

2) What experience you’ll gain;

3) What contacts you bring;

4) What contacts you’ll gain;

5) What relationship(s) you’ll form with whom;

6) What credit you’ll receive;

7) Who is issuing that credit (it matters!);
What experience you bring to the table;

9) When you will be paid.

Seems like a lot! Believe it or not, ALL of these are monetized in the entertainment industry. So do that 9-point checklist on every offer and adjust accordingly. Let me quickly break down how to use the list:

1) Market Rate. This is your opening number. You can always start with Guild tables; for screenwriting and teleplays, for example, the Writers Guild posts a Schedule of Minimums for payments. If you AND your potential employers are novices, this quote will probably be too high for you, for the reasons on the rest of the list. So beyond the various guilds and unions for your industry, a great way to research the market rate is to ask someone who recently was promoted past the position you’re considering. They’ll be happier to quote their former rate than reveal their current one! How to find them? Get online on the industry forums and boards! Join a Yahoo! Group in your field and post away.

2) Potential Experience (“-”). If you’ll get important professional experience from the gig, this is worth lowering a quote in negotiations with someone who cannot pay much. The new work experience will help you get better jobs (and pay) as you rise. If the employer is a complete newcomer, however, be realistic about what kind of training you’ll actually receive. The key question to ask is, “What are the credits and background of the most experienced person I’ll actually be working with?” That will let you know how much you’ll learn in the process of doing the job.

3) Your Contacts (“+”). If you are bringing key industry names to the project, and that is part of what you are expected to contribute, that’s a bump for your fee.

4) Potential Contacts (“-”). There’s nothing worth more money in this business than personal contacts. If you’ll walk away with a great database of vendors, staff, crew and other industry contacts you connected with, take that into consideration as you set your price.

5) Potential Relationships (“-”). Beyond contacts, if the gig has you working closely with major players in your field, it’s worth flexibility on your fee. This isn’t just who will be on set with you. Which legitimate agents, managers, designers, network execs, bookers, casting agents, etc. will be part of the project and seeing you shine? Relationships are worth MORE than money in Hollywood.

6) Your Credit (“-”). If you have to choose between money and a better credit, in the beginning, go for the credit – as long as it is an accurate one! In other words, don’t trade a writing credit for a “co-producer” (meaningless) or “producer” credit if you only wrote the script. Your producer credit will be vetted and tossed out in any credit dispute if the project goes anywhere. But if you’re working on a TV pilot and they can’t pay well, but you can get an Associate Producer rather than a Production Assistant title, that is worth money in the bank on your next job. So work with them on your fee.

7) The Credit Source (“-”). A credit only means as much as the person who gives it to you. If a major company offers you a lesser credit, don’t dismiss it outright. That company’s good reputation and position in the industry might give you more heat when you go to your next gig – and it certainly can open that next door a lot faster.
Your Experience (“-”). If you’re new in the game, this is where you’ll potentially shave quite a bit off of your quote, and that’s a wide open range. If you’ll be working for an established company, there still are minimum expectations for rates (again, check with outside people at the level above where you’re being hired). Established companies are offsetting the lower rate with a list of career and future financial benefits. Newcomers are not. So if you are providing a real product or service to a fellow industry newbie, you must be paid for it. And not on the “back-end” (where unicorns and Bigfoot and other myths live)!

A producer who can’t shoot a film without your script…can’t shoot a film WITH your script – because they don’t have money. It costs money to make a movie, and part of that should go to compensating the writer, especially since, unlike the crew, you are getting no other tangible experience in the process, and your writing credit will be skeptically received on an indie film that never saw the light of day. But if you’ve never had a script produced or done a modeling shoot or been in a play, and a newcomer wants to hire you, don’t even think about holding fast to union minimums. Work with them on a fee or some tradeoffs, per the list above and the tip that follows.

9) The Pay Date (“+”). The later someone is going to pay you for your work, the more you can bump (slightly increase) your fee. Almost everyone reading this has been approached by someone who wants them to do work for free (on “spec”), with promises of payment “on the back end.” That’s meaningless because you’re pretty much never going to see a back-end payment (it’s possible; just not likely!). So here’s a rule. If you are doing physical work for someone (writing a script, walking a runway, doing a photo shoot), you must arrange to get physical “payment,” of some sort, when you do the work.

If the employer is an established company and you are a working professional, do not do spec work for them. Once you do it for free, you will always be expected to do it for free – or at least for too little. Thank them for the offer of employment, let them know you don’t work for spec but are excited to work with them, then work out a deal memo through your lawyer, offering them an introductory fee for this first project and establishing a minimum “floor” for any projects that follow. Established companies are never shocked to talk to lawyers (that’s how we do things in Hollywood), and they are more than used to paying for people’s work.

Newbie employers can offer you “deferred payment” – but also request a guaranteed in-kind benefit you can leave that gig with (and sign that in a deal memo, too). If you’re doing a fashion show for someone, ask them if they will at least hire a professional digital photographer (or let you bring one) so you can get shots (free clothes aren’t enough – those won’t get you your next gig!). Ask the designer to alert the photographer that you’ll be bringing a laptop or memory stick to download your images before you leave, and bring a thank you note and truffle for the photographer. If you’re writing the script for someone’s film, ask them to buy a copy of professional screenwriting software and turn over one of their access codes to you. Work with strapped newbie employers to see what they can offer you in exchange for your labor – since they’re not offering you entrée to the contacts, relationships and respected credits that would otherwise make a lower rate worth it.

ONE LAST WORD. As you work more steadily in this industry, your “rate” transforms into your “quote.” Your “”quote” is what you were paid on your most recent gig(s), and it’s the magic number everyone expects to pay you on your next gig. So once you begin working more steadily, you must be very protective of your quote, regardless of the additional benefits a certain gig would offer. Be particularly wary of being asked to accept a lower rate in exchange for a higher credit because that sets a ridiculously low quote for your new credit level. Sounds pretty sticky and uncomfortable? That’s why people have agents.

When new screenwriters finish their scripts, they often begin the search for a rep to submit the work around town. But is that the best way to do it? Well, sure! But it’s not the ONLY way to do it. As you prep to get your script sold, incorporate this info into your marketing strategy:SEEK REPRESENTATION But only if you have a bona fide “in” to their direct office line! It’s very difficult to get a lit agent to read a script for representation without a personal introduction by a repped client of theirs. If you know a screenwriter or other industry member with an agent who actually is getting scripts read by real studios and funders, and you have TWO solid scripts (more on that later), ask for an introduction. Give your contact a substantial gift whether you are signed or not! Of course, it’s not necessary to have a lit agent to shop a script. Make getting an agent only one part of a broader shopping strategy. EXPLORE LEGITIMATE SUBMISSION OUTLETS The main places you’re trying to get your script to, production companies, studios and even top-five actors’ shingles, are sometimes more accessible than lit agents. If you’re not already, make sure you join professional writers’ groups like ScreenplayLab and Scriptwriters’ Network, and attend every possible event to make those contacts. There’s a list of organizations to get you started at Movie in a Box – Links. Again, the way to shop a script in our industry is to know someone. It’s tough to open a new professional relationship by asking for the considerable favor of an agent referral, so try a strategy where you’re offering something they could use in exchange for the introduction (like Web site design, database entry, etc.). And expect them to request to read your script first – and listen to their notes without argument. Another credible outlet for getting your script noticed is via some of the online sites. If you’re not already, make sure you’re active at Inktip, for example. And be sure to explore the hundreds of screenplay competitions, like Scriptapalooza – but check first to see what success stories you can verify from their sites.WRITE AND QC MORE THAN ONE SCRIPT “QC” stands for “Quality Control.” Do not ever submit a script that is not structurally sound, no matter how ready you are to stop looking at it! This is neither a judgment, an assumption, an insult or a joke. It truly is a requirement. I was a reader at one of the biggest prod cos in Los Angeles, I’ve had scripts optioned, I run a filmmaking seminar, I’ve taught at UCLA Ext, I’ve written a very popular screenwriting book. Please trust me on this. There are no second chances for first impressions in our industry. And it’s not just your rep on the line, but also the rep of whoever opens that door for your submission. Why “more than one script”? That is because if someone reads work of yours and thinks you have promise, their next request (to confirm the initial impression) is very often, “Can you send me another spec?” If you can’t, that is by no means a dealbreaker. But if you CAN, and the second script is equally hot, that could be a dealmaker! The second script needs to be structurally sound, as well. Be sure that your screenplays are structurally solid (on a first submission, nothing else will do! Trust me!). Be sure that an experienced Hollywood reader has read the script and you’ve addressed the notes. As I always say, “if the story does not fit, you must not submit!” If you submit a flawless first spec, you will never have to live up these standards again, but you should. If you submit a flawed first spec, you will not get the chance to live up to higher standards at that company; you will be blocked from future submissions.CONSIDER PRODUCING YOUR WORK YOURSELF If you find you are getting great feedback on your work, but it’s never quite the right fit, consider producing the film yourself. This is a great approach when you have a lower-budget indie project (think “Open Water”) versus an effects-laden thriller! It is an enormous undertaking to produce a film, but there are many resources out there for people who have compelling scripts to develop. And just as you studied and trained to write well, be sure to research and train extensively before taking on a massive project like producing a movie. Your first stop should be a professional organization like Film Independent (FIND), which can connect with you with terrific partners and/or mentors, as well as vital resources. Look into comprehensive seminars like Movie in a Box, as well. However you decide to get your screenplay sold, it should be clear by now that you don’t do it alone – you need community support and resources – and no one else does it for you – even an agent! It is no one’s responsibility to open a door for you to sell a screenplay. It is your responsibility to create a tight script, research appropriate buyers, and relentlessly seek submission opportunities until someone buys – or you decide to produce your work yourself!

I’m a producer who has enjoyed both sides of the writing seminar experience. As a writing fellow years ago, I attended many diverse seminars. Then, as a story analyst for a major production company, I developed my own system for understanding and applying story structure which I now teach in a seminar of my own. There are three things I explain to people who question or resist “learning how to write” through professional seminars.

First, writers often (mistakenly) interchange “story” and “structure.” These are two separate elements of the writing process. Story is the creative experience that only you can uniquely express from your vision. Structure is the foundation for that story, and the rules of structure have been accepted for thousands of years. The easiest way to grasp the distinction is to think of a dinner party. What you cook is entirely up to you (story). But you must serve your guests the appetizer first, then the entrée, then the dessert, in that order, and those dishes have to complement each other (structure). If not, no matter how great the food is, your guests are going to think you have no idea how to make dinner. And they won’t come back to dine with you again. Writing seminars tend to focus on teaching structure, NOT story, so that creative genius has a chance of being understood and enjoyed by buyers and audiences who innately expect a certain foundation to a script. And story instincts can be honed and expanded with professional guidance, as well.

Second, virtually all professions have rules for writing. Just as lawyers must learn proper structure and format for legal briefs and programmers do the same with software code, screenwriters must learn and apply rules of structure and format to screenplays. Most professions have training expectations, too. Just as no one is going to give you $100,000 to perform open heart surgery on a patient just because you’ve always dreamed of being a doctor, no one is going to give you $100,000 to write a script just because it’s your lifelong fantasy. Doctors, lawyers and other professionals get degrees and regularly attend seminars to maintain their chops and their edge, and so do writers. No matter how strongly emerging writers believe that Hollywood is a get-rich-quick-with-no-effort industry, in order to succeed, you will have to replace that belief with the simple acceptance of show business as a business.

There simply is no benefit to railing against the industry’s insistence that writers get some training before they attempt to get paid for their work. Any time you are asking someone to pay you, you must anticipate their establishing rules for that income. If you don’t want to have to learn the insider rules, the simplest solution is to write for free. But if you want to sell your work, just as in any other business, you have to respect the guidelines. The good news is that the rules of writing get far more flexible after a first sale!

Third, it’s common for people to mistrust writing teachers as unnecessary snake oil salespeople who are not personally successful themselves. Yes, the rules of story structure that Hollywood subscribes to are fairly standard. The laws of physics are standard, too, but not many people easily grasp and apply them! Training helps writers master the rules so they can craft solid scripts that can actually be sold. And just as you learned better from some teachers than others in high school, you will find in the variety of books and workshops at least one approach to structure that will help you effectively integrate it into your work.

Remember, selling a script is neither a requirement for nor a guarantee of being able to teach screenwriting. I’ve produced many writing panels and seminars, and many successful screenwriters lack the communications skills and the clarity of process to adequately guide another writer to a successful script. For my part, I teach from the point-of-view of the buyer instead because that was my background and because my personal business strategy is to always understand what the person who writes the check is looking for. Believe this – whatever an individual teacher’s approach, the ability to teach a subject well enough for students to grasp it is its own gift.

Finally, let me be a bit frank just to give you a glimpse into the perspective of your potential buyers. From the industry’s point-of-view, writing exactly what comes out of your head, spirit and heart, with no structure or training, is not screenwriting…it’s “typing.” For a parallel, dancing around a living room on your toes is not professional ballet, and it does not warrant the expectation that you should be equally respected as trained ballet dancers in the world of classical dance. Next, I can think of few industries that offer as accessible an education in the basics as screenwriting’s swath of books and seminars. Please compare those demands on your time and wallet to what dentists, accountants, attorneys and other professionals must do before they can earn a professional paycheck. If attending a well-respected course for a few hundred bucks helps buyers have confidence in you, do whatever helps you crack those barriers to entry! Last, try very hard to name any industry where training destroys natural talent rather than enhances or develops it. Still a skeptic? Buy a couple of writing books and take some classes just to prove everyone wrong. What I know you will discover, instead, is that training can take what’s good and makes it great.

Happy screenselling.